Obverse: Bunch of grapes on vine with small leaf on l.; above, inscription (Herod). Reverse: Tall helmet with crest and cheek straps, viewed from front; below left, caduceus; below, inscription. AJC II, 241, 6a. Hendin 505. Treasury of Jewish Coins 73a. Herod Archelaus(Ancient Greek: ,Hrids Archelaos; 23BC c.AD 18) was theethnarch ofSamaria,Judea, andIdumea, including the citiesCaesareaandJaffa, for nine years(c.4 BC to AD 6). He was the son ofHerod the GreatandMalthacethe Samaritan, brother ofHerod Antipas, and half-brother ofHerod II. Archelaus (a name meaning "leading the people") came to power after the death of his fatherHerod the Greatin 4 BC, and ruled over one-half of the territorial dominion of his father. Archelaus was removed by theRoman emperorAugustuswhenJudaea provincewas formed under direct Roman rule, at the time of theCensus of Quirinius. Biography A map depicting the domain of Herod Archelaus as was given to him by Augustus after the death of King Herod the Great. Josephuswrites that Herod the Great (father of Archelaus) was inJerichoat the time of his death.Just prior to his final trip to Jericho, he was deeply involved in a religious conflagration. Herod had placed a golden eagle over theTempleentrance which was perceived as blasphemous.The eagle was chopped down with axes. Two teachers and approximately 40 other youths were arrested for this act and immolated. Herod defended his works and offered an attack on his predecessors, thedynastic Hasmoneans. Herod killed all male lineal successors of the Hasmoneans. ThePhariseeshad long attacked theHasmoneansas well, as having parentage fromGreekswhile under bondage. This racial slur was repeated by the Pharisees through the rule ofAlexander Jannaeusand QueenSalome. With this explicit background given, Josephus began an exposition of the days of Archelaus' reign beforePassoverof 4 BC. Archelaus dressed in white and ascended a golden throne and appeared to be kind to the populace inJerusalemin order to appease their desires for lower taxes and an end to the (political) imprisonment of Herod's enemies. The demeanor of the questioning appeared to turn at some point, and the crowd began to call for the punishment of those of Herod's people who ordered the death of the two teachers and the 40 youths. They also demanded the replacement of theHigh Priest, from the appointed High Priest of Herod's to a High Priest, "of greater piety and purity".Josephus does not tell who would be "of greater piety and purity". To this request, however, Archelaus acceded, although he was becoming angry at the presumptions of the crowds. Archelaus asked for moderation and told the crowds that all would be well if they would put aside their animosities and wait until he was confirmed king byCaesarAugustus. Archelaus then left to feast with his friends. It was evening and as the darkness settled, a mourning and wailing began over the city. Archelaus began to worry as people begin streaming into the temple area and those who wailed for the loss of the teachers continued their very loud mourning. The people were escalating in their threatening behavior.Henry St. John Thackeray's translation of Josephus here states it thus: "The promoters of the mourning for the doctors stood in the body of the temple, procuring recruits for their faction". Josephus does not tell us who these "promoters of the mourning", who recruit from within a body inside the Temple, could have been. Archelaus then sent a general, some other people, and finally a "tribune in Command of a Cohort" to reason with these "Seditionists", to stop their "innovations" and wait until Archelaus could return from Rome and Caesar. Those who came from Archelaus werestoned, with many killed. After the stoning, those who stoned the soldiers returned to their sacrifices, as if nothing had happened. Josephus does not tell who performed the sacrifices in the Temple. It was after midnight, and Archelaus suddenly ordered the entire army into the city to the temple. Josephus records the death toll at 3000. Archelaus sent heralds around the city announcing the cancellation of Passover. Archelaus quickly sailed to Caesar and faced a group of enemies his own family. Antipas, the younger brother of Archelaus who was deposed from Herod's will days earlier, argued that Archelaus merely feigned grief for his father, crying during the day and involved with great "merriment" during the night. The threats carried out by Archelaus ending in the death of 3000 in the Temple were not just threats to the worshipers in Jerusalem at Passover, but also amounted to a threat to Caesar himself, since Archelaus acted in every manner a king, before such title had been given by Caesar. At this point,Nicolaus of Damascusargued to Caesar that Archelaus acted appropriately and that Herod's will, supposedly written a few weeks prior (yielding the kingship to Archelaus and against Antipater), should be seen as valid. The change of this will in favor of Archelaus is given as Herod's true choice and, it is argued, occurred with Herod being in his right mind since he left the final decision to Caesar. The change of the will appears as one of Herod's last acts and it is attested from Jericho by one "Ptolemy", keeper of Herod's Seal. Nicholaus of Damascus had been Herod's confidant for years. He was loyal to Rome. Ptolemy was Nicholaus of Damascus' brother. Archelaus, at the conclusion of the arguments, fell at Caesar's feet. Caesar raised him up and stated that Archelaus "was worthy to succeed his father".Caesar gave Archelaus the title of ethnarch and divided the kingdom. Rome would consolidate its power later. Thus, Archelaus received thetetrarchy of Judeathrough the last will of his father, though a previous will had bequeathed it to his brother Antipas. He was proclaimed king by the army, but declined to assume the title until he had submitted his claims toCaesar AugustusinRome. In Rome he was opposed by Antipas and by many of theJews, who feared his cruelty, based on the murder of 3000; but in 4 BC Augustus allotted to him the greater part of the kingdom (Samaria, Judea, and Idumea) with the title ofethnarch(a ruler of an ethnic group). The first wife of Archelaus is given by Josephus simply as Mariamne,perhapsMariamne III, daughter ofAristobulus IV, whom he divorced to marryGlaphyra. She was the widow of Archelaus' brother Alexander, though her second husband,Juba, king ofMauretania, was alive. This violation of theMosaic law, along with Archelaus' continued cruelty, roused the ire of the Jews, who complained to Augustus. Archelaus fell into disrepute and was deposed in his 10th year of reign asethnarch, being banished toVienna (today Vienne)inGaul. Samaria, Judea proper, and Idumea became theRoman provinceofJudaea. Biblical references Herod Archelaus fromGuillaume Rouill'sPromptuarii Iconum Insigniorum(16th century depiction) Archelaus is mentioned in theGospel of Matthew(chapter 2verse 1323). An angel of the Lord appeared toJosephin a dream and told him to get up and take Mary and Jesus andflee to Egyptto avoid theMassacre of the Innocents. When Herod the Great died, Joseph was told by an angel in adreamto return to the land of Israel (presumably toBethlehem). However, upon hearing that Archelaus had succeeded his father as ruler of Judaea he "was afraid to go there" (Matthew 2:22), and was again warned in a dream by God "and turned aside to the region of"Galilee. This is Matthew's explanation of why Jesus was born inBethleheminJudeabut grew up inNazareth. The beginning and conclusion of Jesus'parable of the minasin theGospel of Luke,chapter 19, may refer to Archelaus' journey to Rome. Some interpreters conclude from this that Jesus' parables and preaching made use of events familiar to the people as examples for bringing his spiritual lessons to life. Others read the allusion as arising from later adaptations of Jesus' parables in the oral tradition, before the parables were recorded in the gospels. A nobleman went into a far country to receive for himself a kingdom and then return ... But his citizens hated him and sent a delegation after him, saying, "We do not want this man to reign over us." ... "But as for these enemies of mine," [said the nobleman,] "who did not want me to reign over them, bring them here and slaughter them before me." (Luke 19:12,19:14,19:27)