NGC certified Fine.Marcus Opellius Macrinus(/mkrans/;c.165 June 218) wasRoman emperorfrom April 217 to June 218, reigning jointly with his young sonDiadumenianus. As a member of theequestrianclass, he became the first emperor who did not hail from thesenatorial classand also the first emperor who never visited Rome during his reign. Before becoming emperor, Macrinus served under EmperorCaracallaas apraetorian prefectand dealt with Rome's civil affairs. He later conspired against Caracalla and had him murdered in a bid to protect his own life, succeeding him as emperor.Macrinus was proclaimed emperor of Rome by 11 April 217 while in the eastern provinces of the empire and was subsequently confirmed as such by the Senate; however, for the duration of his reign, he never had the opportunity to return to Rome. His predecessor's policies had left Rome's coffers empty and the empire at war with several kingdoms, includingParthia,ArmeniaandDacia. As emperor, Macrinus first attempted to enact reform to bring economic and diplomatic stability to Rome. While Macrinus' diplomatic actions brought about peace with each of the individual kingdoms, the additional monetary costs and subsequent fiscal reforms generated unrest in the Roman military. Caracalla's auntJulia Maesatook advantage of the unrest and instigated a rebellion to have her fourteen-year-old grandson,Elagabalus, recognized as emperor. Macrinus was overthrown at theBattle of Antiochon 8 June 218 and Elagabalus proclaimed himself emperor with support from the rebelling Roman legions. Macrinus fled the battlefield and tried to reach Rome, but was captured inChalcedonand later executed inCappadocia. He sent his son to the care ofArtabanus IV of Parthia, butDiadumenianwas also captured before he could reach his destination and executed. After Macrinus' death, the Senate declared him and his son enemies of Rome and had their names struck from the records and their images destroyed; the phrase for such a drastic social/historical erasure came to bedamnatio memoriae: damnation (of the) memory (of someone Macrinus was born inCaesarea(modernCherchell, Algeria) in theRoman provinceofMauretania Caesariensisto anequestrianfamily ofBerberorigins.According toDavid Potter, his family traced its origins to the Berber tribes of the region and his pierced ear was an indication of his Berber heritage.He received an education which allowed him to ascend to the Roman political class.Over the years, he earned a reputation as a skilled lawyer; and, under EmperorSeptimius Severus, he became an important bureaucrat. Severus' successor Caracalla later appointed him aprefectof thePraetorian Guard. While Macrinus probably enjoyed the trust of EmperorCaracalla, this may have changed when, according to tradition, it was prophesied that he would depose and succeed the emperor.Macrinus, fearing for his safety, resolved to have Caracalla murdered before he was condemned. In the spring of 217, Caracalla was in the eastern provinces preparing a campaign against theParthian Empire.Macrinus was among his staff, as were other members of the Praetorian Guard. In April, Caracalla went to visit a temple ofLunanear the site of thebattle of Carrhaeand was accompanied only by his personal guard, which included Macrinus. On 8 April, while travelling to the temple, Caracalla was stabbed to death by Justin Martialis, a soldier whom Macrinus had recruited to commit the murder.In the aftermath, Martialis was killed by one of Caracalla's men. For two or three days, Rome remained without an emperor.On 11 April, Macrinus proclaimed himself emperor and assumed all of the imperial titles and powers, without waiting for the Senate.The army backed his claim as emperor and the Senate, so far away, was powerless to intervene. Macrinus never returned to Rome as emperor and remained based in Antioch for the duration of his reign.Macrinus was the first emperor to hail from the equestrian class, rather than the senatorial and also the first emperor of Mauretanian descent. He adopted the name of Severus, in honour of the Severan dynasty, and conferred the imperial title of Augusta to his wife Nonia Celsa and the title of Caesar and name of Antoninus to his son Diadumenianus in honour of theAntonine dynasty, thus making him second in command.At the time of Diadumenian's accession he was eight years old. Reign Despite his equestrian background, Macrinus was accepted by the Senate for two reasons: for the removal of Caracalla, and for having received the loyalty of the army.The senators were less concerned by Macrinus' Mauretanian ancestry than by his equestrian social background and scrutinized his actions as emperor. Their opinion of him was reduced by his decisions to appoint to high offices men who were of similarly undistinguished background. Macrinus, not being a senator and having become emperor through force rather than through traditional means, was looked down upon. Macrinus had several issues that he needed to deal with at the time of his accession, which had been left behind by his predecessor. As Caracalla had a tendency towards military belligerence, rather than diplomacy, this left several conflicts for Macrinus to resolve.Additionally, Caracalla had been a profligate spender of Rome's income.Most of the money was spent on the army; he had greatly increased their pay from 2,000 sesterces to 3,000 sesterces per year.The increased expenditures forced Caracalla to strip bare whatever sources of income he had to supply the difference.This shortfall left Rome in a dire fiscal situation that Macrinus needed to address. Macrinus was at first occupied by the threat of the Parthians, with whom Rome had been at war since the reign of Caracalla. Macrinus settled a peace deal with the Parthians after fighting an indecisivebattle at Nisibisin 217.[26]In return for peace, Macrinus was forced to pay a large indemnity to the Parthian rulerArtabanus IV. Rome was at the time also under threat from Dacia and Armenia, so any deal with Parthia would likely have been beneficial to Rome.Next, Macrinus turned his attention to Armenia. In 216, Caracalla had imprisonedKhosrov I of Armeniaand his family after Khosrov had agreed to meet with Caracalla at a conference to discuss some issue between himself and his sons. Caracalla instead installed a new Roman governor to rule over Armenia. These actions angered the Armenian people and they soon rebelled against Rome. Macrinus settled a peace treaty with them by returning the crown and loot to Khosrov's son and successorTiridates IIand releasing his mother from prison, and by restoring Armenia to its status as a client kingdom of Rome. Macrinus made peace with the Dacians by releasing hostages, though this was likely not handled by himself but byMarcius Agrippa.In matters of foreign policy, Macrinus showed a tendency towards settling disputes through diplomacy and a reluctance to engage in military conflict, though this may have been due more to the lack of resources and manpower than to his own personal preference. Macrinus began to overturn Caracalla's fiscal policies and moved closer towards those that had been set forth bySeptimius Severus.One such policy change involved the pay of Roman legionaries. The soldiers that were already enlisted during Caracalla's reign enjoyed exorbitant payments which were impossible for Macrinus to reduce without risking a potential rebellion. Instead, Macrinus allowed the enlisted soldiers to retain their higher payments, but he reduced the pay of new recruits to the level which had been set by Severus.]Macrinus revalued theRoman currency, increasing the silver purity and weight of thedenariusfrom 50.78 percent and 1.66 grams at the end of Caracalla's reign to 57.85 percent and 1.82 grams from Autumn 217 to the end of his reign, so that it mirrored Severus' fiscal policy for the period 197 to 209. Macrinus' goal with these policies might have been to return Rome to the relative economic stability that had been enjoyed under Severus' reign, though it came with a cost.The fiscal changes that Macrinus enacted might have been tenable had it not been for the military. By this time, the strength of the military was too great and by enacting his reforms he angered the veteran soldiers, who viewed his actions in reducing the pay of new recruits as a foreshadowing of eventual reductions in their own privileges and pay. This significantly reduced Macrinus' popularity with the legions that had declared him emperor. Caracalla's motherJulia Domnawas initially left in peace when Macrinus became emperor. This changed when Macrinus discovered that she was conspiring against him and had her placed under house arrest in Antioch. By this time Julia Domna was suffering from an advanced stage ofbreast cancerand soon died in Antioch.Afterwards, Macrinus sent Domna's sisterJulia Maesaand her children back toEmesain Syria, from where Maesa set in motion her plans to have Macrinus overthrown.Macrinus remained in Antioch instead of going to Rome upon being declared emperor, a step which furthered his unpopularity in Rome and contributed to his eventual downfall. Julia Maesa had retired to her home town of Emesa with an immense fortune, which she had accrued over the course of twenty years. She took her children,Julia SoaemiasandJulia Mamaea, and grandchildren, including Elagabalus, with her to Emesa. Elagabalus, aged 14, was the chief priest of thePhoeniciansun-deityElagabalus(or El-Gabal) in Emesa.Soldiers fromLegio IIIGallica(Gallic Third Legion), that had been stationed at the nearby camp ofRaphanea, often visited Emesa and went to see Elagabalus perform his priestly rituals and duties while there.Julia Maesa took advantage of this, to suggest to the soldiers that Elagabalus was indeed the illegitimate son of Caracalla.On 16 May, Elagabalus was proclaimed emperor by the Legio IIIGallicaat its camp at Raphanea.Upon Elagabalus' revolt, Macrinus travelled to Apamea and conferred the title of Augustus onto his son, Diadumenianus, and made him co-emperor. Execution Macrinus realised that his life was in danger but struggled to decide upon a course of action and remained at Antioch. He sent a force of cavalry commanded byUlpius Julianusto regain control of the rebels, but they failed and Ulpius died in the attempt. This failure further strengthened Elagabalus' army.Soon after, a force under Elagabalus' tutor Gannys marched onAntiochand engaged Macrinus' army on 8 June 218 near the village of Immae, located approximately 24 miles from Antioch.[41]At some point during the ensuingBattle of Antioch, Macrinus deserted the field and returned to Antioch.He was then forced to flee from Antioch as fighting erupted in the city as well.Elagabalus himself subsequently entered Antioch as the new ruler of the Roman Empire.Macrinus fled for Rome; he travelled as far asChalcedonbefore being recognized and captured.]His son and co-emperor Diadumenianus, sent to the care of Artabanus IV of Parthia, was himself captured in transit at Zeugma and killed in June 218.Diadumenianus' reign lasted a total of 14 months, and he was about 10 years old when he died.]Macrinus, upon learning of his son's death, tried to escape captivity, but he injured himself in the unsuccessful attemptand was afterward executed in Cappadocia; his head was sent to Elagabalus.Much like Macrinus, Diadumenianus' head was also cut off and sunt to Elagabalus as a trophy. Damnatio memoriae Macrinus and his sonDiadumenianwere declaredhostes, enemies of the state, by the Senate immediately after news had arrived of their deaths and as part of an official declaration of support for the usurper Elagabalus, who was recognized in the Senate as the new Emperor. The declaration ofhostesled to two actions being taken against the images of the former Emperors. First, their portraits were destroyed and their names were stricken from inscriptions and papyri. The second action, taken by the Roman soldiers who had rebelled against Macrinus in favour of Elagabalus, was to destroy all of the works and possessions of Macrinus. Thedamnatio memoriaeagainst Macrinus is among the earliest of such sanctions enacted by the Senate. Many of the marble busts of Macrinus that exist were defaced and mutilated as a response to thedamnatio memoriaeand many of the coins depicting Macrinus and Diadumenianus were also destroyed. These actions against Macrinus are evidence of his unpopularity in Rome.